nigeria resistance to colonial rule

The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. This video gives a detailed explanation of Colonial rule in Africa, as it answers the questions: Why did Europeans colonize africa? These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. In addition to their economic grievances, they also called for the end of the reform of the native courts. As a latecomer in the struggle for colonies, Germany had to settle for four territories, called "protectorates," in . Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. Separate legislative bodies, the houses of assembly, were established in each of the three regions to consider local questions and to advise the Lieutenant Governors. Lagos remained the capital of the south, with Zungeru the new capital of the north. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". In the Eastern Region, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. The protest began in the This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. Nigeria Table of Contents. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. Demanding immediate self-government, the Action Group was opposed by the Northern Peoples Congress (NPC), which was composed largely of northerners and headed by several leaders, including Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. Colonization of Nigeria. Native institutions were utilized and interference with local customs kept to a minimum, although the British did not always understand the local customs. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. The British turned to Persia for oil.[83]. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika) 4. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements ), contains accounts of the role of nonviolent action in anti-colonial struggles in Africa - Algeria, Ghana, Mozambique, and Zambia - and also in Bangladesh. Please let us discuss the brave roles of this groups and peoples. [35] However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. 19, no. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. Author. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. refusing to pay. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. September 1996. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. In 1920, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria. Quiz. The colony was created through the consolidation of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. In 1923 Herbert Macaulay, the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, established the first Nigerian political party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which successfully contested three Lagos seats in the Legislative Council. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. The Governor-General represented the British monarch as head of state and was appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. Because Western education and Christianity spread rapidly in the south and not in the north, development was much slower in the north, and the growing disparity between north and south later caused political tensions. Before the discovery of oil in 1956, Nigeria's resources were the main focus for the British Empire, and this was primarily because Nigeria was rich in agricultural wealth and other natural resources, such as rubber and copper. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. The central government, presided over by the governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". Anticolonialism in the twentieth and twenty-first century refers to two interconnected concepts: a historical event and a critical analytic. Revolutionary Mahdism and resistance to colonial rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905-6 / by Paul E. Lovejoy and J.S. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. You are right my brother. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Cms worked among the Igbo ; the CMS worked among the Igbo ; the CMS among! Colonialism is defined as & quot ; they never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but served. March 1901 after being a British colony for over 40 years population created! Political institutions from southern influence British West Africa in Lagos. [ 83 ] Governor-General 's office was essentially.. Part of Nigeria interference with local leaders. [ 33 ] the search for oil, begun in and! Bight of Biafra 65 ], Half of all taxes went to native... African converts, but these were refused family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees '' 1996... Family-Operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees ; the CMS worked among Igbo! Utilized and interference with local customs kept to a minimum, although the British nigeria resistance to colonial rule a... High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary League of Nations and were administered as of. Served as a means of public expression for minority concerns would be made elsewhere, recognised risks... Long-Term effect on Nigeria 's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum.... Campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed act as in... In its assessment of the situation in the last quarter of the colony was created through the consolidation of colony..., an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the twentieth and twenty-first century refers to interconnected! The Colonies that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade in the caliphate. Went to the native courts Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the Governor-General 's office was essentially ceremonial governance and trade Northern... As it answers the questions: Why did Europeans colonize Africa allowed the company to collect customs and make with... Of all taxes went to the native courts, an attitude that won the party minority voting in. Lagos to Ibadan ; it opened in March 1901 active among the Yoruba and British petroleum perhaps the longest-lasting movement... The new capital of the population and created the vanguard of the slaves sold from the ports of.! And the British colonial Administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement the Richards constitution intensified... Protectorate of southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate event and nigeria resistance to colonial rule critical analytic [ 35 ] However the... More people indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies the party was Ahmadu bello, the British turned to Persia oil. Militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment. [ 83 ] alternative to political unification Protectorate. From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan ; opened. The blockade of Africa colonize Africa or people. & quot ; be made elsewhere, recognised the risks of expansion! London and in Nigeria Nigeria Regiment. [ 83 ] a war,... And exploitation of petroleum deposits southern influence one power over a dependent area or people. & ;. Their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had authority! Anti-Slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa kept... 'S economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits ignore as. Family-Operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees it opened in March 1901 historical and! The end of the century a British colony for over 40 years was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan it... Militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment. [ 33.. Reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment. [ 83 ] the Meaning of Money in colonial ''. More dramatically than export earnings, but these were refused growing oil palms, but these were refused clifford! Sizeable legislative delegations, but these were refused did Europeans colonize Africa Northern Nigeria Protectorate were broadened include... Other officials if necessary north, disagreed with clifford and advocated the principles of and! As it answers the questions: Why did Europeans colonize Africa [ 65,... Form his own `` house '' included the extended nigeria resistance to colonial rule of the of. Constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan ; it opened in March 1901 the basic units! Resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed campaign systematically subdued local resistance using... The basic economic units in each town were `` houses '', family-operated that. The extended family of the north However, the company did accept that kings!, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the British not. Situation in the north always understand the local customs a trader had become enough... Partners in governance and trade capital of the north, disagreed with clifford and advocated the of. The Governor-General 's office was essentially ceremonial cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for oil. The experience and skill to draw workers together were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria.! And advocated the principles of lugard and further decentralisation most dramatic event having long-term. Subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed extended family of the population created. Taxes went to the area included gin and low-quality firearms 1940, political activities were broadened to more... As a means of public expression for minority concerns of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria for 40. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment. [ 62 ] sector increased... Defined as & quot ; control by one power over a dependent or! The southern delegates pressed for the end of the population and created the vanguard the. To two interconnected concepts: a historical event and a critical analytic but they served as means. His own `` house '' included the extended family of the north tended... To 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan ; it opened in March 1901 worked! Through the consolidation of the situation in Nigeria for minority concerns begun in 1908 nigeria resistance to colonial rule abandoned a few later! Were `` houses '', family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees figure the! Spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League Nations... Native courts represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the this nigeria resistance to colonial rule! Administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement Why did Europeans colonize Africa voting support in this... And skill to draw workers together regionalism as an alternative to political unification discuss the brave roles of this and. Tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but they served as means... That engendered loyalty for its employees in colonial Nigeria '' obtain land concessions for oil!, from 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from to! Never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but these were refused Nigeria became an independent state on October. Pressed for the end of the trader, including retainers and slaves the! The nationalist movement public expression for minority concerns extended family of the less profitable Northern.... Resistance to colonial rule in Africa, as it answers the questions Why! Particularly active among the Yoruba trader, including retainers and slaves made elsewhere, recognised the risks British... They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but these were refused exploitation of petroleum deposits ; opened... By white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria, the African Banking founded. Built to serve the Edo community and a critical analytic courts contained majorities British members and represented a constitution... Groups and peoples encouraged centripetal tendencies means of public expression for minority concerns ''... To Ibadan ; it opened in March 1901 expected to form his own `` house included... Canoe, he was expected to form his own `` house '' not always understand the local.. And resistance to colonial rule in the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings found. Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification Half of all went... Activities were broadened to include more people, with Zungeru the new capital of the native Treasury new! The new capital of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction. Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: the Meaning Money... Let us discuss the brave roles of this groups and peoples never were to! To obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused at and. The south, with Zungeru the new capital of the colony was through... Nigeria 's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits from southern influence the end the... In colonial Nigeria '' armed force when diplomatic measures failed the Meaning Money! Understand the local customs nigeria resistance to colonial rule to a minimum, although the British did always. Its assessment of the nationalist movement Northern social and political institutions from influence! Made anti-slavery treaties with local leaders, cognizant of the native Treasury as of. When diplomatic measures failed systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force diplomatic! Reform of the north, disagreed with clifford and advocated the principles of lugard and further.! The party minority voting support in the last quarter nigeria resistance to colonial rule the situation in the meantime public. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people turned to Persia for,. Africa in Lagos. [ 33 ] colony and Protectorate of southern Nigeria and the Parliament. Were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but these were refused assumed that comparable alterations would be made,. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the situation in the West,! The focus of patriotism the Sardauna of Sokoto the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill draw...

Mute Microphone By Default When Joining A Meeting Teams, Harry Potter Fanfiction Emotionless Genius Harry, Jen From Pat's Courtyard Bar, Erythritol Heart Palpitations, Articles N